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C String functions: String.h header file supports all the string functions in C language. All the string functions are given below. Click on each string function name below for detail description and example programs. Compares the C string str1 to the C string str2. This function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ or until a terminating null-character is reached.

String is an array of characters. In this guide, we learn how to declare strings, how to work with strings in C programming and how to use the pre-defined string handling functions.

We will see how to compare two strings, concatenate strings, copy one string to another & perform various string manipulation operations. We can perform such operations using the pre-defined functions of “string.h” header file. In order to use these string functions you must include string.h file in your C program.

String Declaration

Method 1:

Method 2: The above string can also be defined as –

In the above declaration NULL character (0) will automatically be inserted at the end of the string.

What is NULL Char “0”?
'0' represents the end of the string. It is also referred as String terminator & Null Character.

String I/O in C programming

Read & write Strings in C using Printf() and Scanf() functions

Output:

Note: %s format specifier is used for strings input/output

Read & Write Strings in C using gets() and puts() functions

C – String functions

C String function – strlen

Syntax:

size_t represents unsigned short
It returns the length of the string without including end character (terminating char ‘0’).

Example of strlen:

Output:

strlen vs sizeof
strlen returns you the length of the string stored in array, however sizeof returns the total allocated size assigned to the array. So if I consider the above example again then the following statements would return the below values.

strlen(str1) returned value 13.
sizeof(str1) would return value 20 as the array size is 20 (see the first statement in main function).

C String function – strnlen

Syntax:

size_t represents unsigned short
It returns length of the string if it is less than the value specified for maxlen (maximum length) otherwise it returns maxlen value.

Example of strnlen:

Output:
Length of string str1 when maxlen is 30: 13
Length of string str1 when maxlen is 10: 10

Have you noticed the output of second printf statement, even though the string length was 13 it returned only 10 because the maxlen was 10.

C String function – strcmp

It compares the two strings and returns an integer value. If both the strings are same (equal) then this function would return 0 otherwise it may return a negative or positive value based on the comparison.

If string1 < string2 OR string1 is a substring of string2 then it would result in a negative value. If string1 > string2 then it would return positive value.
If string1 string2 then you would get 0(zero) when you use this function for compare strings.

Example of strcmp:

Output:

C String function – strncmp

size_t is for unassigned short
It compares both the string till n characters or in other words it compares first n characters of both the strings.

Example of strncmp:

Output:

C String function – strcat

It concatenates two strings and returns the concatenated string.

Example of strcat:

Output:

C String function – strncat

It concatenates n characters of str2 to string str1. A terminator char (‘0’) will always be appended at the end of the concatenated string.

Example of strncat:

Output:

C String function – strcpy

It copies the string str2 into string str1, including the end character (terminator char ‘0’).

Example of strcpy:

Output:

C String function – strncpy

char *strncpy( char *str1, char *str2, size_t n)
size_t is unassigned short and n is a number.
Case1: If length of str2 > n then it just copies first n characters of str2 into str1.
Case2: If length of str2 < n then it copies all the characters of str2 into str1 and appends several terminator chars(‘0’) to accumulate the length of str1 to make it n.

Example of strncpy:

Output:

C String function – strchr

It searches string str for character ch (you may be wondering that in above definition I have given data type of ch as int, don’t worry I didn’t make any mistake it should be int only. The thing is when we give any character while using strchr then it internally gets converted into integer for better searching. Massive vst for fl studio 10 free download.

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Example of strchr:

Output:

C String function – Strrchr

It is similar to the function strchr, the only difference is that it searches the string in reverse order, now you would have understood why we have extra r in strrchr, yes you guessed it correct, it is for reverse only.

Now let’s take the same above example:

Output:

Why output is different than strchr? It is because it started searching from the end of the string and found the first ‘f’ in function instead of ‘of’.

C String function – strstr

It is similar to strchr, except that it searches for string srch_term instead of a single char.

Example of strstr:

Output:

You can also use this function in place of strchr as you are allowed to give single char also in place of search_term string.

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C++ provides following two types of string representations −

• The C-style character string.
• The string class type introduced with Standard C++.

The C-Style Character String

The C-style character string originated within the C language and continues to be supported within C++. This string is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null character '0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.

The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word 'Hello'. To hold the null character at the end of the array, the size of the character array containing the string is one more than the number of characters in the word 'Hello.'

If you follow the rule of array initialization, then you can write the above statement as follows −

Following is the memory presentation of above defined string in C/C++ −

Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The C++ compiler automatically places the '0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array. Let us try to print above-mentioned string −

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

C++ supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings −

Following example makes use of few of the above-mentioned functions −

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When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as follows −

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The String Class in C++

The standard C++ library provides a string class type that supports all the operations mentioned above, additionally much more functionality. Let us check the following example −

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When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as follows −